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Pass the chalk
Not helpful
BACK in 1922, Thomas Edison predicted that "the motion picture is destined to revolutionize our educational system and...in a few years it will supplant largely, if not entirely, the use of textbooks." Well, we all make mistakes. But at least Edison did not squander vast quantities of public money on installing cinema screens in schools around the country.
With computers, the story has been different. Many governments have packed them into schools, convinced that their presence would improve the pace and efficiency of learning. Large numbers of studies, some more academically respectable than others, have purported to show that computers help children to learn. Now, however, a study that compares classes with computers against similar classes without them casts doubt on that view.
In the current Economic Journal, Joshua Angrist of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Victor Lavy of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem look at a scheme which put computers into many of Israels primary and middle schools in the mid-1990s. Dr Angrist and Dr Lavy compare the test scores for maths and Hebrew achieved by children in the fourth and eighth grades (ie, aged about nine and 13) in schools with and without computers. They also asked the classes teachers how they used various teaching materials, such as Xeroxed worksheets and, of course, computer programs. The researchers found that the Israeli scheme had much less effect on teaching methods in middle schools than in elementary schools. It also found no evidence that the use of computers improved childrens test scores. In fact, it found the reverse. In the case of the maths scores of fourth-graders, there was a consistently negative relationship between computer use and test scores.
The authors offer three possible explanations of why this might be. First, the introduction of computers into classrooms might have gobbled up cash that would otherwise have paid for other aspects of education. But that is unlikely in this case since the money for the programme came from the national lottery, and the study found no significant change in teaching resources, methods or training in schools that acquired computers through the scheme.
A second possibility is that the transition to using computers in instruction takes time to have an effect. Maybe, say the authors, but the schools surveyed had been using the schemes computers for a full school year. That was enough for the new computers to have had a large (and apparently malign) influence on fourth-grade maths scores. The third explanation is the simplest: that the use of computers in teaching is no better (and perhaps worse) than other teaching methods.
The bottom line, says Dr Angrist, is that "the costs are clear-cut and the benefits are murky." The burden of proof now lies with the promoters of classroom computers. And the only reliable way to make their case is, surely, to conduct a proper study, with children randomly allocated to teachers who use computers and teachers who use other methods, including the cheapest of all: chalk and talk.
Economist; 10/26/2002, Vol. 365 Issue 8296, p74, 2p, 1c
注(1)：本文选自Economist;10/26/2002, p74;
注(2)：本文习题命题模仿对象是1999年真题text4(1, 2, 3, 4)和text1第4题(第5题);
1.We can learn from the first paragraph that __________________.
[A] motion picture has revolutionized education system
[B] Edison’s prediction has been proved wrong
[C] Edison encouraged schools to install cinema screens
[D] schools are cautious about Edison’s idea
2.Dr. Angrist and Dr. Lavy have done the following except _______________.
[A] comparing the test scores of students in different age groups
[B] interviewing teachers about their teaching methods
[C] launching the computer program in many Israeli schools
[D] explaining students’ school performance
3.According to Dr. Angrist and Dr. Lavy, in the Israeli scheme, students didn’t make
improvement in their test scores because______________.
[A] other aspects of education were affected due to cash shortage
[B] it was not long enough for the program to take effect
[C] there was a negative relationship between computer use and test scores
[D] the use of computer was no better than other teaching methods
4.It can be inferred from the last paragraph that ________________.
[A] there hasn’t been a proper study on this issue yet
[B] school authorities should provide proof to support the computer program
[C] installing computers in schools costs too much, but has little or no effect
[D] chalk and talk work better than computer in teaching
5.The author’s attitude towards governments’ packing computers in schools seems to be
___________________.
[A] biased
[B] indifferent
[C] disapproving
[D] puzzling
答案：BCDAC
篇章剖析：
本文为说明文，采用新闻报道体，在第一段以爱迪生所作的错误预测开始，将其与第二段中学校期望通过将电脑引入课堂来改进教学的想法进行对照，引入话题，指出学校的上述想法未必正确。第三段叙述了两位研究人员对以色列在1990年代中期将电脑引入中小学课堂所带来的教学效果的研究，以此说明电脑未必如人们所期望的那样促进课堂学习。第四段，第五段，第六段分别引述了研究人员的解释，并逐一进行分析，最后得出结论：要证明电脑有助于教学，必须进行正确的研究。
词汇注释：
supplant[sE5plB:nt] v. 取代，代替(另一个)
squander[5skwRndE(r)] v. 挥霍或浪费;放荡地花掉
purport[pE5pC:t] v. 声称
Hebrew [5hi:bru:]n. 以色列语;希伯来人
Xerox v. 复印
reverse [rI5v\:s]n. 相反，颠倒：相反的事物或相反的方面
gobble [5^Rb(E)l]v. 吞并;贪婪地攫取
transition [trAn5sIF(E)n, trB:-]n. 转变, 转换
malign [mE5laIn] adj. 有害的：具不良影响的;有害的
the bottom line 要点或关键之处;结果，结局：最后结果或声明
randomly adv. 任意地, 随便地,
allocate [5AlEkeIt]v. 分派, 分配
难句突破
1.First, the introduction of computers into classrooms might have gobbled up cash that would otherwise have paid for other aspects of education.
主体句式：the introduction might have gobbled up cash
结构分析：本句是一个主从复合句，主句中的might have gobbled up表示对过去事实的猜测，that引导一个定语从句，限定修饰cash，其中从句中的otherwise常常用来引出虚拟语气，表示“要不然;在另一种情况下”。例如：Otherwise I might have helped you. 要不然我就帮你了。
句子译文：第一，将电脑引入课堂可能会占用本应用于其它教育方面的资金。
2.And the only reliable way to make their case is, surely, to conduct a proper study, with children randomly allocated to teachers who use computers and teachers who use other methods, including the cheapest of all: chalk and talk.
主体句式：the way is to conduct a study
结构分析：本句是一个复杂长句，不但涉及主从句，还涉及不定式，分词和介词短语。第一个不定式to make their case作定语修饰way，第二个不定式作表语;with引导的介词短语往往可以是“介词+复合宾语”的形式，其中复合宾语可以由现在分词或者过去分词来充当，由它和介词宾语之间的逻辑关系决定，例如：with her hair flying in the wind;with the paper tucked under his arm等;who引导的定语从句修饰教师，分词including 引导的短语限定修饰methods。
句子译文：而他们所能采用的唯一可靠方法当然就是进行适当的研究，学生应该是随机分配给使用电脑教学的教师和使用其他方法教学的教师，包括最廉价的方法：粉笔和谈话。
题目分析：
1.答案是B，属事实细节题。文中第一段提到“we all make mistakes”，说明爱迪生的预言
是错误的。
2.答案是C，属事实细节题。文中第三段和第四段分别提到两位研究人员compare test
scores;ask the classes’ teachers和offer explanations，但launch the computer program则是由以色列政府所为。
3.答案是D，属事实细节题。从文中第四段，第五段里两位研究人员所给出的解释以及
相应的分析可以看出，学生成绩没有提高主要是因为在教学中使用电脑并不比采用其他方法教学更好。
4.答案是A，属推理判断题。作者在本文第二段中指出，许多学术文章都宣称使用电脑
有助于课堂教学，但新的研究对这一说法提出了怀疑。在最后一段中，作者说要证明使用电脑有助于教学，就必须进行正确的研究。可见，作者对以前的研究方法提出了质疑。
5.答案是C，属推理判断题。对政府在学校安装电脑一事，作者虽然没有明确提出反对，
但字里行间都透出不赞成的态度。在第一段，作者以爱迪生的预言为例，说爱迪生至少没有浪费公共资金，言下之意就是当前发生的情况算得上是浪费公共资金的举动。在最后一段，作者引用研究人员的观点说明在学校安装电脑是成本清楚但收效模糊的事。并提出让支持使用电脑的人采用正确的方法对学校应不应该在教室安装电脑进行论证。可见作者对这一类问题持否定的态度。
Saturday Smartoons
A superhero blood cell stars in a clever TV hit
Sal Monella is a poisonous gangster hell bent on infection, and a pimple is a power-mad oil gland. Thats life--and a quirky twist on salmonella and acne-
-in the animated world of Ozzy & Drix, part of the WB networks Saturday-morning lineup. This was the first season for what might be called a "smartoon." It was in the top programs among kids ages 2 to 11. And its coming back this fall.
Instead of battling mystical monsters, Ozzy & Drix cleverly personifies body parts--a muscle cell is a police chief--to teach kids about their bodies. Rather than lecture kids about smoking, Ozzy & Drix turns nicotine into Nick OTeen, a smarmy villain with long claws that hook into brains and cause addictions. Bad guys like Nick are taken down by the title stars: Osmosis "Ozzy" Jones, a street-smart white blood cell, and Drix, an uptight but intelligent cold pill with a chest full of medicine. White blood cells help fight infection, and Drix is a medicine chest. Get it?
Ozzy & Drix makes a point of tackling "issues that are very real to the day-to-day lives of kids," says David Foster, a Harvard University internist who helps develop story lines for the show. "We hope they take an interest in what is going on inside them." Thats why all the action occurs within 13-year-old Hector, who contracts diseases, encounters peer pressure, and even drinks spoiled milk. "This poor kid has been through a lot," says Producer Alan Burnett.
Pun fun. The slap-your-knee, ba-dum-dum humor takes many forms. Ozzy and Drix set up a detective firm behind Hectors cornea--theyre "private eyes"--to ensure him a safe adolescence. Blood cells race like cars through Hectors arteries and past a "roadside" billboard reading "Peace for the Middle Ear." Theres a rock concert at the Diaphragm Club featuring the band Metabolica. Ozzy and Drix drive a Cel Camino.
"This is a very interesting direction for broadcasters to take," says Sandra Calvert, a psychologist and director of the Childrens Digital Media Center at Georgetown University. "We rarely see someone go after the health area." Kids go for the slapstick and drama while adults are drawn to the puns and parodies, and the dual enjoyment sparks questions and conversation, she says.
Consider an upcoming episode in which Hector eats bad sausage containing parasitic worms. A spoof of jaws begins as his stomach becomes a sea of acid dotted with boats. On one, Ozzy teams up with grizzled Captain Quinine--recalling movie shark hunter Quint and the fact that quinine was once used to treat parasites. Ozzy and the Capn blow up the monsters with bicarbonate of soda. A soothing end, not for the worms, but for Hectors upset stomach.
1.From the first three paragraphs, we learn that ___________.
[A] Ozzy & Drix is a cartoon about good-guy fighting bad guy.
[B] the target audience of Ozzy & Drix are children.
[C] smartoon is a new type of cartoon
[D] the purpose of Ozzy & Drix is to help children fight against diseases
2.Which of the following statements is true according to the text?
[A] Ozzy in the cartoon lacks experiences.
[B] Hector’s friends show sympathy to him when he contracts disease.
[C] A new season of Ozzy & Drix will be on show this fall.
[D] Ozzy & Drix mainly deals with battling frightening creatures。
3.According to Sandra Calvert, broadcasters may learn from Ozzy & Drix_________.
[A] how to create humorous effect
[B] that health area is worth exploring
[C] that dual enjoyment of both kids and adults is the key to Ozzy & Drix’s success
[D] that kids and adults alike take great fun in Ozzy & Drix
4.Which of the following best defines the word “slapstick”?
[A] humorous acting
[B] serious theme
[C] interesting plot
[D] instructive stories
5.The author uses the episode in which Hector eats bad sausage containing parasitic worms to show _____________.
[A] how the cartoon is plotted
[B] how children feel when they fall ill
[C] the pun and humor in the cartoon
[D] the way children can be educated
答案：B C B A C
篇章剖析：
本篇为说明文，通过点面结合来说明一档流行的电视节目《奥兹和德里克斯》的内容，特点，引人之处等。第一段是对热门电视系列剧《奥兹和德里克斯》的简要介绍，突出了其“出奇”和“热门”两大特色，第二段，第三段说明了这个电视剧的主要内容，即以赋予身体各部分人性化的特点帮助孩子们了解自己的身体以及发生在日常生活中的问题;第四段，第五段介绍了该剧轻松幽默，老少咸宜的特点;第六段以一段剧情结束全文，让人更加深刻的体会这部剧作。
词汇注释：
salmonella [sAlmE5nelE]n. 沙门氏菌
pimple [5pImp(E)l]n. 丘疹, 面泡, 疙瘩
gland [^lAnd]n. 腺
quirky [ `kw\:kI ] adj. 诡诈的, 离奇的
acne [5AknI]n. 痤疮, 粉刺
lineup [`laInQp] n. 系列节目
personify [p\:5sRnIfaI]vt. 赋与...以人性, 使人格化
nicotine [5nIkEti:n]n. 烟碱，尼古丁
smarmy [5smB:mI]adj. 令人厌烦的, 爱说奉承话的, 虚情假意的
osmosis [Cz`mEJsIs, Cs-]n. 渗透(作用), 渗透性
street-smart: adj. 经验老到的
uptight [5QptaIt, Qp5taIt]adj. 过分拘谨的;(行为，观点和品味)极端保守的
internist [5Int\:nIst]n. <美>内科医师
contract [kEn5trAkt]v. 感染
cornea [5kC:nIE]n. [医]角膜
artery [5B:terI]n. 动脉
slapstick [5slApstIk] n. 闹剧;滑稽剧
parody: [5pArEdi] n. 模仿滑稽作品
spoof [spu:f] n. 胡说;戏弄;哄骗
grizzled [5^rizld] adj. 灰色的, 头发斑白的
难句突破
Rather than lecture kids about smoking, Ozzy & Drix turns nicotine into Nick OTeen, a smarmy villain with long claws that hook into brains and cause addictions.
主体句式：Ozzy & Drix turns nicotine into Nick OTeen
结构分析：这是一个复杂句，主句为Ozzy & Drix turns nicotine into Nick OTeen，Nick O’Teen后面有个较长的同位语，其中还含有定语从句。Rather than作为连接词引导从句，通常表示否定意义，意为：“而不是”，用于和另外一种可以肯定的情况作比较。比如，Rather than sit in a cozy room, he works out in the cold air. 他没有在舒适的房间里安坐，而是冒着严寒在室外工作。
句子译文：对于吸烟，《奥兹和德里克斯》也没有采用对孩子们说教的方式，而是把尼古丁变成了一个名叫尼克·丁的口蜜腹剑的恶棍，它长着长长的爪子，并用它来钩住人的大脑，使人上瘾。
题目分析：
1. 答案为B，属事实细节题。文中第一段最后说这部卡通片“深受2-11岁孩子的欢迎。”第二段说要通过卡通片教孩子们认识自己的身体，第三段都讲卡通片涉及的是孩子们日常生活中面临的真实问题。由此可见，答案为B：卡通片的目标人群为儿童。C项中的smartoon只是用来说明该卡通构思巧妙，并不是新型卡通。
2. 答案为C，属事实细节题。从文章第一段末it’s coming back this fall可知新一季的Ozzy& Drix即将在秋季上映。文中第二段提到Ozzy是street-smart，这个词的意思是“阅历丰富的，经验老到的”。文中第三段提到Hector患病后遭遇了peer pressure，即同伴的压力，可见同伴们都不喜欢患病的他。第二段特意提到了instead of battling mystical monsters，也就是说这部卡通一改和怪物斗争的模式，所以只有答案C是正确的。
3. 答案为B，属推理判断题。文章第五段一开头就引用Sandra Calvert的话说，这是广播公司可以发展的一个非常有趣的方向，接着又说，以前很少见到涉足保健领域的话题。可见，她的意思是广播公司在保健领域大有可为。
4. 答案为A，属猜词题。文章第四段开头说“The slap-your-knee, ba-dum-dum humor takes many forms.”接下来举例说明，并在第五段说孩子们喜欢这种slapstick，根据上下文判断，“幽默的表演”应该是最佳选项。
5. 答案为C，属推理判断题。从第三段可知双关和幽默是该剧最大的特点，在最后一段的剧情里，作者说奎宁船长的名字让人想起猎鲨专家奎恩特以及奎宁曾用于治疗寄生虫病的事情，可见作者是以此举例说明这部卡通剧作的双关和幽默。
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