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公共英语四级阅读文章《国际商业和跨文化交流》
公共英语四级难度有点大,考生不认真备考的话,很容易就会丢分。下面,小编为大家整理了一篇公共英语四级阅读文章,希望对大家有用。
International Business and Cross-cultural Communication
The increase in international business and in foreign investment has created a need for executives with knowledge of foreign languages and skills in cross-cultural communication. Americans, however, have not been well trained in either area and, consequently, have not enjoyed the same level of success in negotiation in an international arena as have their foreign counterparts.
Negotiating is the process of communicating back and forth for the purpose of reaching an agreement. It involves persuasion and compromise, but in order to participate in either one, the negotiators must understand the ways in which people are persuaded and how compromise is reached within the culture of the negotiation.
In many international business negotiations abroad, Americans are perceived as wealthy and impersonal. It often appears to the foreign negotiator that the American represents a large multi-million-dollar corporation that can afford to pay the price without bargaining further. The American negotiator's role becomes that of an impersonal purveyor of information and cash.
In studies of American negotiators abroad, several traits have been identified that may serve to confirm this stereotypical perception, while undermining the negotiator's position. Two traits in particular that cause cross-cultural misunderstanding are directness and impatience on the part of the American negotiator. Furthermore, American negotiators often insist on realizing short-term goals. Foreign negotiators, on the other hand, may value the relationship established between negotiators and may be willing to invest time in it for long-term benefits. In order to solidify the relationship, they may opt for indirect interactions without regard for the time involved in getting to know the other negotiator.
Clearly, perceptions and differences in values affect the outcomes of negotiations and the success of negotiators. For Americans to play a more effective role in international business negotiations, they must put forth more effort to improve cross-cultural understanding.
国际商业和跨文化交流
国际贸易和海外投资的增加产生了对具有外语知识和跨文化交流技巧的经理的需求。然而,美国人在这两方面未得到良好的训练,因此没有在国际谈判中象他们的外国对手一样成功。
谈判是为了达成协议而反复交流的过程。它包括说服和妥协。但是为了去进行说服和妥协,谈判者必须懂得在谈判的文化中怎样说服人和怎样达成妥协。
在国外的国际商务谈判中,美国人被视为富有和不带个人情感。在外国谈判者看来,似乎美国人代表着一个庞大的拥有数百万资财的大企业,不用进一步地讨价还价就能出得起价钱。美国谈判者的角色变成了一个没有个人感情的信息及现金的供应者。
对在国外的美国谈判者的研究中,我们找出了损害谈判者能力的几个特点,或许证实这个已成定式的看法。尤其引起跨文化误解的两个特点是美国谈判者的直截了当和缺乏耐心。此外,美国谈判者经常坚持实现短期目标,而外国的谈判者会珍视建立谈判者之间的联系并愿意为长期利益投入时间。为了巩固这种联系,他们会选择非直接的交流而不计较投入用于了解对方的时间。
明显地,价值观的不同和理解上的差异影响了谈判的结果和谈判者的成功与否。美国人要在国际商务谈判中扮演更为有效的角色,他们就必须投入更多的努力提高跨文化的理解力。
附:公共英语阅读技巧
1.整体把握文章的脉络至关重要。
段落信息匹配题的题目的顺序与文章的行文顺序完全不符,这就要求考生在阅读文章时整体把握文章的结构和脉络,熟悉文章的写作思路,基本能做到理解每题的中心思想后,能大体定位到文章的相应部分,而不是漫无目的地在全文的每个段落里搜寻。如样题中的文章:首先引出话题;中间部分主要谈论两方面的内容—大学在全球网罗人才和开展工作,同时大学也在重塑研究方法;最后是大学全球化的影响和作用。把文章这样分成四个部分以后,根据每个题目的内容,就可以找到大体的位置。
2.准确理解题目的内容是前提。
每一道题都是原文信息的再现或转述,只有理解了题目所述内容,才能做好后面的段落信息定位。理解题目内容的关键是:抓句子的主干。冗长的句子,只要抓住了其主干,就不难理解句子的主要含义了。
3.找准题目中的定位关键词是关键。
每一道题都是原文信息的再现或转述,只要找准关键词才能准确定位到原文的段落中。关键词多为:a. 名词或名词短语,这类词是题目和文章谈论的对象,同义替换的可能性较小,是比较可靠的定位关键词,如样题中第46题中的American universities, global careers, internship 都可以在原文中直接找到;b.数字,如数量、年份等,这类词同义替换的可能性非常小,是较理想的定位关键词,如样题中第47题中的3.9 percent, 是原文信息的再现;c. 专有名词,如人名、地名、机构名、特殊物质等,这类词几乎没有同义替换或转述的可能性,是非常理想的定位关键词,如样题中第55题中的Danah Boyd就是一个专有名词,可以在原文中直接找到。
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