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3月28日职称英语（卫生C）考试真题
在学习和工作中，我们总免不了要接触或使用考试真题，考试真题可以帮助参考者清楚地认识自己的知识掌握程度。那么一般好的考试真题都具备什么特点呢？下面是小编收集整理的3月28日职称英语（卫生C）考试真题，仅供参考，希望能够帮助到大家。
以下为卫生教材原文：
第二篇 Most Adults in US Have Low Risk of Heart Disease (教材上阅读判断)
More than 80 percent of US adults have a less than 10 percent risk of developing heart disease in the next 10 years, according to a report in the Journal of the American College of Cardiology. Just 3 percent have a risk that exceeds 20 percent.
“I hope that these numbers will give physicians, researchers, health policy analysts, and others a better idea of how coronary heart disease is distributed in the US population,” lead author Dr. Earl S. Ford, from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention1 in Atlanta, said in a statement.
The findings are based on analysis of data from 13,769 subjects, between 20 and 79 years of age, who participated in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 1988 to 1994.
Overall, 82 percent of adults had a risk of less than 10 percent, 15 percent had a risk that fell between 10 to 20 percent, and 3 percent had a risk above 20 percent.
The proportion of subjects in the highest risk group increased with advancing age, and men were more likely than women to be in this group.2 By contrast3, race or ethnicity had little effect on risk distributions.
Although the report suggests that most adults have a low 10–year risk of heart disease, a large proportion have a high or immediate risk4, Dr. Daniel S. Berman, from Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles, and Dr. Nathan D. Wong, from the University of California at Irvine, note in a related editorial.
Aggressive treatment measures and public health strategies are needed to shift the overall population risk downward, they add.
第五篇 Dangers Await Babies with Altitude(教材上阅读判断)
Women who live in the world’s highest communities tend to give birth to under-weight babies, a new study suggests. These babies may grow into adults with a high risk of heart disease and strokes.1
Research has hinted that newborns in mountain communities are lighter than average. But it wasn’t clear whether this is due to reduced oxygen levels at high altitude or because their mothers are under-nourished — many people who live at high altitudes are relatively poor compared with those living lower down.
To find out more, Dino Giussani and his team at Cambridge University studied the records of 400 births in Bolivia during 1997 and 1998.The babies were born in both rich and poor areas of two cities: La Paz and Santa Cruz. La Paz is the highest city in the world, at 3.65 kilometers above sea level, while Santa Cruz is much lower, at 0.44 kilometers.
Sure enough, Giussani found that the average birthweight of babies in La Paz was significantly lower than in Santa Cruz. This was true in both high and low-income families. Even babies born to poor families in Santa Cruz were heavier on average than babies born to wealthy families in lofty La Paz. “We were very surprised by this result,” says Giussani.
The results suggest that babies born at high altitude are deprived of2 oxygen before birth. “This may trigger the release or suppression of hormones that regulate growth of the unborn child.3 ‘‘ says Giussani.
His team also found that high-altitude babies tended to have relatively larger heads compared with their bodies4. This is probably because a fetus starved of oxygen will send oxygenated blood to the brain in preference to the rest of the body5.
Giussani wants to find out if such babies have a higher risk of disease in later life. People born in La Paz might be prone to heart trouble in adulthood, for example. Low birthweight is a risk factor for coronary heart disease. And newborns with a high ratio of head size to body weight are often predisposed to high blood pressure and strokes in later life.
3月28日职称英语卫生C考试真题 1
Hearts and kidneys: If one’s diseased, better keep a close eye on1 the other. Surprising new research shows kidney disease somehow speeds up heart disease well before it has ravaged the kidneys. And perhaps not so surprising, doctors have finally proven that heart disease can trigger kidney destruction, too.
The work, from two studies involving over 50,000 patients, promises to boost efforts to diagnose simmering kidney disease earlier. All it takes are urine and blood tests that cost less than $ 25, something proponents want to become as routine as cholesterol checks. 2 “The average patient knows their cholesterol,”says Dr. Peter McCullough, preventive medicine chief at Michigan’s William Beaumont Hospital. “The average patient has no idea of3 their kidney function.”
Chronic kidney disease, or CKD, is a quiet epidemic: Many of the 19 million Americans estimated to have it don’t know they do. The kidneys lose their ability to filter waste out of the bloodstream so slowly that symptoms arent obvious until the organs are very damaged. End-stage kidney failure is rising fast, with 400,000 people requiring dialysis or a transplant to survive, a toll that has doubled in each of the last two decades.
And while CKD patients often are terrified of having to go on dialysis, the hard truth is that most will die of heart disease before their kidneys disintegrate to that point, something kidney specialists have recognized for several years but isnt widely known, s Indeed, the new research is highlighted in this months Archives of Internal Medicine with a call for doctors who care for heart patients to start rigorously checking out the kidneys, and for better care of early kidney disease. 7
The link sounds logical. After alla , high blood pressure and diabetes are chief risk factors for both chronic kidney disease and heart attacks. But the link goes beyond" those risk factors, stresses McCullough: Once the kidneys begin to fail, something in turn10 accelerates heart disease, not just in the obviously sick or very old, but at what he calls “a shockingly early age.” McCullough and colleagues tracked more than 37,000 relatively young people—average age 53 — who volunteered for a kidney screening. Three markers of kidney function were checked: The rate at which kidneys filter blood, called the GFR or glomerular filtration rate11; levels of the protein albumin in the urinei and if they were anemic. They also were asked about previously diagnosed heart disease.
The odds of having heart disease rose steadily as each of the kidney markers worsened. More striking was the death data. At this age, few deaths are expected, and indeed just 191 people died during the study period. But those who had both CKD and known heart disease had a threefold increased risk of death in a mere 2 1/2 years, mostly from heart problems. “This study is very much a wake-up call,” McCullough says.
练习：
1. How can one learn earlier whether he or she suffer simmering kidney disease?
A. By cholesterol checks.
B. By urine and blood tests.
C. By keeping a close eye on ones kidneys.
D. By measuring the volume of urine output.
2. How many Americans suffer chronic kidney disease according to an estimation?
A. 1,9,000,000.
B. 400,000.
C. 50,000.
D. 37,000.
3. How many Americans suffered end-stage kidney failure and required dialysis or a transplant to survive twenty years ago according to an estimation?
A. 400,000.
B. 300,000.
C. 200,000.
D. 100,000.
4. What did the Archives of Internal Medicine call for doctors caring for heart patients to do?
A. To examine their patients heart function carefully.
B. To have their patients chests X-ra Yed regularly.
C. To select volunteers from their patients for a kidney screening.
D. To start rigorously checking out their patients kidneys.
5. Which of the following is NOT one of the three markers of kidney function?
A. Levels of the protein albumin in the urine.
B. Levels of the white blood cells in the blood.
C. The rate at which kidneys filter blood.
D. Whether one is anemic or not
答案与题解：
1.B 第二段第一、二句说到，加速慢性肾病的诊断所使用的方法就是尿检和血检，故B项为正确答案。
2.A 第三段第一句说。在估计患有慢性肾病的'1，900万美国人呼叫很多人不知道自己患此病，可见A项是正确答案。
3.D 第三段最后一句说.终末期肾衰竭病人数日迅速增加，有40万人需要肾透析或肾移植才能存活.这个数字在近20年小每10年翻一番。按此计算，10年前应为20万人，20年前就应是10万人，故正确答案应为1)。
4.D 第四段最后一句说到，《内科档案》杂志号召为心脏病人治病的医生要开始严格地检查病人的肾脏，D项正是它要求做的事情。
5.B 第五段倒数第二句列㈩了肾功能的三个标志物.选项C、A、D均包括在内，唯独没有B项，故B项是本题答案。
3月28日职称英语卫生C考试真题 2
One of the main weapons to prevent mother-to-child transmission of the AIDS virus during birth is the drug nevirapine3. But when nevirapine is used alone just once, HIV4 starts becoming resistant to it. Research in Botswana shows that the resistance is not long lasting and that this affordable drug does not have to be abandoned forever by infected mothers who have already taken it.
International medical guidelines call for5 pregnant women with advanced HIV to get a combination of AIDS drugs including nevirapine to prevent passing their infection on to their newborns during delivery. But in poor countries, combinations have been expensive and nevirapine has often been Used al. one, since studies have shown that a single dose can cut the transmission rate in half.
The problem is that HIV resistance builds against it quickly when used alone just once because other drugs are not present to kill the virus particles that survive nevirapine. This renders the drug less effective in later combinations for treating women after their baby is born. But the new study from Botswana shows that nevirapine can make a comeback for these women if they wait until the resistance subsides.
“The further out you get from that exposure to single dose nevirapine, the less detectable nevirapine resistance is6,” said Shahin Lockman of the Harvard School of Public Health in Boston7. She says waiting period for women who get the single dose of nevirapine at delivery can be as short as six months. “If they started nevirapine-based treatment six or more months after nevirapine exposure, their treatment response8 was just as good, and really quite high, compared to women who did not have the single dose of nevirapine,” she added. “However, the women who started nevirapine-based treatment within six months of that nevirapine exposure were much more likely to experience treatment failure.”
The study published in the New England Journal oJ Medicine9 shows that waiting at least six months means that HIV-positive women are 70 percent more likely to benefit from nevirapine-based drug combinations again than women who get them sooner. An official with the U.S. government health agency that helped fund the study calls it very important.
I.ynne Mofenson is chief of research on child, adolescent, and maternal AIDS at the U. S. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development10. She says the finding supports a World Health Organization (WHO)H recommendation restricting a single dose of nevirapine only to pregnant HIV-infected women who are healthy enough to wait six months after childbirth for more nevirapine-based therapy. Otherwise, they should get other drugs during labor. “It shows the importance of screening women for treatment while they are pregnant and putting them on appropriate therapy while they are pregnant to avoid having to start them too soon after they received preventive therapy,” she explained.
Shahin Lockman in Boston says the problem of nevirapine resistance should diminish now that12 more and more people are receiving combinations of AIDS drugs under expanded U. S. and international programs to deliver them to Africa and other regions hard hit by the virus.
练习：
1. What effect does nevirapine have?
A. It is a broad-spectrum antibiotic and kills all kinds of bacteria.
B. It is an antiviral preparation and kills all kinds of viruses.
C. It prevents the transmission of the AIDS virus and protects one from heart attack.
D. It may prevent passing HIV infection from mothers on to their newborns during delivery.
2. Why does HIV resistance against nevirapine build very quickly even when the drug is used alone just once?
A. Because the drug is not strong enough to kill all of the HIV in the body.
B. Because there may not be a susceptibility test before using the drug.
C. Because other drugs are not present to kill the virus particles that survive nevirapine.
D. Because there are too many mutations of HIV for nevirapine to deal with.
3. When may a woman start her nevirapine-based treatment if she gets the single dose of nevirapine at delivery ?
A. She may start nevirapine-based treatment soon after her delivery.
B. She may start nevirapine-based treatment within six months after her delivery.
C. She has to wait at least six months after that nevirapine exposure.
D. She may wait several years so as to achieve the best effect.
4. We may learn from this passage that HIV resistance against nevirapine
A. lasts only for about a half year and fades quickly.
B. will last forever in a woman who took nevirapine.
C. is a terrible drug that must be banned at once.
D. is a problem too difficult to be solved.
5. Generally speaking, the authors attitude towards the use of nevirapine is
A. negative
B. positive
C. uncertain
D. doubtful
答案与题解：
1.D 第一段第一句及第二段第二句均提到nevirapine可以防止母亲在分娩时将HIV病毒传染给新生儿的问题，故D项是正确答案。
2.C 第三段第一句说，即使单独使用nevirapine一次，HIV病毒也会很快产生对nevirapine的抗药性，原因就是没有其他药物可以杀死nevirapine还没有杀死的病毒颗粒，这正是C项的内容。
3.C 第四段第二句说到，等待的时间最短可到六个月，第五段第一句又说，最少等待六个月的妇女，她们以nevirapine为主的药物综合治疗的疗效要比等待不足六个月的妇女高70%，可见C项“最少要等待六个月”是正确答案。
4.A 第一段第三句说到抗药性存在的时间并不长，第四段第二句又说等待的时间可以短至六个月，另外，文章的标题也说抗药性很快消失，可见A项是正确选项，其他各项文章均未提及。
5.B 第一段是文章的.提要，最能说明作者观点，其中最后一句就明确提到，已经服用 nevirapine的已感染上HIV的母亲们不应该放弃服用这种能用得起的药物。而且通篇文章都在探讨如何更有效地利用此药物，因此作者对使用此药的态度应该是“积极的、肯定的”。
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