2017年中考英语语法详解:数词、冠词

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　　一.数词

　　1.数词概述：表示数目多少或顺序先后的词叫做数词。其用法相当于名词或者形容词。

　　2.数词的种类：可以分为两种： 基数词：表示数目多少的数词。序数词：表示先后顺序的数词。

　　3.基数词的写法和用法

 　　1)1—12的基数词是独立的单词，即： one，two，three，four，five，six，seven，eight， nine，ten，eleven，twelve。

 　　2)13—19的基数词以-teen结尾。如：14—fourteen，但13，15，18较特殊，13—thirteen 15—fifteen 18—eighteen。

 　　3)20—90的整十位均以-ty结尾。如：60—sixty，但20，30，40，50，80较特殊， 20—twenty 30—thirty 40—forty 50—fifty 80—eighty。

 　　4) 十位数与个位数之间要加连字符号“-”，如：28—twenty-eight，96—ninety-six。

 　　5) 百位和十位(若无十位则和个位)之间加“and”，如：148—one hundred and forty-eight , 406—four hundred and six。

 　　6) hundred(百)，thousand(千)，million(百万)，billion(十亿)等前面即使有具体的数词，也不能在它们的后面加s。

 　　7) .百(hundred),千(thousand),百万(million)等词与介词of连用的时侯，用复数形式，表不确定数目，其前面不可与数字连用

　　8).表示“几十”的数词，复数形式可用来表示人的岁数或年代。

　　如： He is in his forties. 他四十多岁。

　　This took place in the 1930s. 这事发生在二十世纪三十年代。

　　9).基数词可与其他词构成形容词。

 　　如： Can you say something about your two-month holiday? ?(two和month之间有连字符时，month用单数)

　　4. 序数词的写法和用法

 　　1).基数词变序数词可利用口诀巧记：“一、二、三，特殊记，八去“t ”，九去“e”，“ve”要用“f”替，见“y”变成“i”和“e”，词尾加上“th”，若是遇到几十几，只变个位就可以。”

 　　变法如下：first，second，third，eight—eighth nine—ninth，five—fifth，twelve—twelfth，twenty—twentieth，forty—fortieth，twenty-five—twenty-fifth。

 　　其余情况均在基数词后加th。如： six—sixth, nineteen—nineteenth , hundred— hundredth, thousand—thousandth等。

 　　2). 序数词前常用定冠词the, 表“顺序”。但如果序数词不表示顺序，而表示“又一个，另一个”时，则不能用the, 要用a. 如：Try it a second time. 再试一下。

　　5. 序数词表示“名次”时，不用定冠词。

　　He was first. 他得了第一名。

　　Who was first? Who was second?谁是第一名?谁是第二名?

　　注意:

 　　1.分数的读法：分子必须用基数词，分母用序数词。分子如果大于1，分母须用复数形式。先读分子，再读分母。分子为one时可换用a. 如：

 　　In our class, about a third can speak English well.

　　Two thirds 三分之二。

 　　2.1/2读作“a(或one)half(而不是a second “一秒钟”)，1/4既可读作“a(或one)quarter”又可读作 “a(或one)fourth”.

　　3/4:Three quarters

 　　3.小数的读法：小数点的前的基数词与前面所讲的`基数词读法完全相同;小数点读作point,小数点后只须将数字一一读出。

　　15.67 读作: fifteen point six seven

 　　4. 百分数的读法：先读基数词，再读百分号 “%”(读作percent).

　　5% 读作: five percent.

 　　5.年代的读法为“两位，两位”地读。整百的后读hundred,整千的后读thousand, 前常加 the year. 如：

 　　1937读作nineteen thirty-seven 或：nineteen hundred and thirty-seven

　　2000 年 读作 the year two thousand

 　　December the first, nineteen ninety-four 一九九四年十二月一日

　　二.冠词

　　1. 冠词概述：冠词是虚词，本身不能单独使用，也没有词义，它用在名词的前面，帮助指明名词的含义。

　　2. 冠词的种类：英语中的冠词有三种，一种是定冠词，另一种是不定冠词，还有一种是零冠词。

　　3. 不定冠词的用法

 　　不定冠词a (an)与数词one 同源，是"一个"的意思。a用于辅音音素前，一般读作[e]，而an则用于元音音素前，一般读做[en]。

　　1) 表示"一个"，意为one;

　　2) 代表一类人或物。

　　A knife is a tool for cutting with.

　　Mr. Smith is a doctor.

　　3) 词组或成语。

 　　a little / a few / a lot / a type of / a great many / many a / in a hurry / in a minute / in a word / in a short while / after a while / have a cold / have a try / keep an eye on /

　　4. 定冠词的用法

 　　定冠词the与指示代词this，that同源，有"那(这)个"的意思，但较弱，可以和一个名词连用，来表示某个或某些特定的人或东西。它有以下意义：

 　　1)特指双方都明白的人或物：定冠词the与指示代词this，that同源，有"那(这)个"的意思，但较弱，可以和一个名词连用，来表示某个或某些特定的人或东西。

　　1)特指双方都明白的人或物： Take the umbrella.　带上伞。

　　2)上文提到过的`人或事： He bought a book.　I've read the book.

　　他买了一本书。我看过那本书。

 　　3)指世上独一物二的事物： the sun， the sky， the moon， the earth

 　　4)单数名词连用表示一类事物，如：the dollar 美元; the fox 狐狸;或与形容词或分词连用，表示一类人：the rich 富人; the living 活着的人。

　　5)用在序数词和形容词最高级，及形容词only，very，same等前面：

 　　Where do you live?　I live on the second floor. 你住在哪?我住在二层。

　　That's the very thing I've been looking for. 那正是我要找的东西。

 　　6)用在表示身体部位的名词前： She caught me by the hand.　她抓住了我手。

　　7)用在某些由普通名词构成的国家名称、机关团体、阶级、等专有名词前：

　　the People's Republic of China　 中华人民共和国 the United States　 美国

　　8)用在表示乐器的名词之前：　 She plays the piano.　她会弹钢琴。

 　　9) 用在姓氏的复数名词之前，表示一家人： the Greens　 格林一家人 (或格林夫妇)

　　10) 用在惯用语中：

 　　in the day, in the morning (afternoon，evening),　the day after tomorrow

 　　the day before yesterday,　the next morning,　 in the sky (water，field，country)　 in the dark,　in the rain,　in the distance,　 in the middle (of),　in the end, by the way,　go to the theatre

　　5.零冠词的用法

　　1) 国名，人名前通常不用冠词：England，Mary;

　　2)泛指的复数名词，表示一类人或事物时，可不用定冠词; They are teachers.

 　　3)抽象名词表示一般概念时，通常不加冠词; Failure is the mother of success.　失败乃成功之母。

　　2)在季节、月份、节日、 假日、日期、星期等表示时间的名词之前，不加冠词;

　　We go to school from Monday to Friday.

　　3)在三餐、球类运动和娱乐运动的名称前，不加冠词

　　4) 当by 与火车等交通工具连用中间无冠词;by bus，by train;

 　　5)有些个体名词不用冠词;如： school，college，prison，market，hospital，bed，table，class， town，church，court 等个体名词，直接置于介词后，表示该名词的深层含义，

　　如：go to hospital　　去医院看病

　　go to the hospital　 去医院 (并不是去看病，而是有其他目的)

　　6)不用冠词的序数词;

　　a. 序数词前有物主代词

　　b. 序数词作副词　 He came first in the race.

 　　c. 在固定词组中 at (the) first,　first of all,　　from first to last

　　实战演练(2×50)

　　1. There are ___ days in a year.

 　　A. three hundred sixty-five B. three hundreds and sixty-five C. three hundred and sixty-five

　　2. ______visitors visit this museum every day.

　　A. Hundred B. Hundred of C. Hundreds of

　　3. There are two___ people in the library.

　　A. hundred B. hundreds C. hundreds of

　　4. Every year ___ watch NBA on TV.

 　　A. million people B. millions of people C. millions people

 　　5. ____ trees will be planted in our city in 5 years.

 　　A. Thousands of B. Two thousands C. Two thousand of

　　6. My brother is in____.

 　　A. Three Class, One Grade B. Class Three, Grade One C. Grade first, Class Third

　　7. We are going to learn___ this term.

　　A. book six B. six book C. Book Six

　　8. Please turn to___. Let's read the text aloud.

　　A. Page Two B. the page two C. second page

　　9. He will come here ____ tomorrow morning.

　　A. at fifth B. at ten C. on two

　　10. He was doing some reading ____.

 　　A. at eight yesterday morning B. yesterday morning eight C. yesterday morning at eight

　　11. He began to live there____.

 　　A. on his fifty B. at age of fifty C. in his fifties

　　12 They moved to the USA _

　　A. in 1980s B. in the 1980 ' C. in the 1980s

 　　13.She was ___ her early twenties when she became a movie star.

　　A. at B. on C. in

 　　14. There are____ months in a year. December is the____month of the year.

 　　A. twelve; twelve B. twelve; twelfth C. twelfth; twelve

　　15. Sunday is the____ day of the week.

　　A. seventh B. first C. second

　　16. Autumn is________ season in a year.

　　A. the fourth B. the third C. a third

　　17. -What's the date today?

　　-It’s___.

　　A. Friday B. cloudy C. July 4th

　　18. Jenny was born _______.

 　　A. on July 10, 1997 B. in July 10, 1997 C. in 1997, July 10

　　19. Monday is the second day, and_______.

 　　A. Tuesday is the fourth B. Thursday is the fifth C. the second is Tuesday

 　　20. About____ of the books in our school library are written in Chinese.

　　A. four-fifth B. four-fifths C. fourth-fifths

 　　21. ___ of the students are girls in our class.

　　A. Two three B. Two threes C. Two thirds

　　22.___ of the world's books and newspapers are written in English.

 　　A. Three quarters B. Three quarter C. Thirds four

　　23. Tom is____ in the row.

　　A. a third B. the third C. third

 　　24. The girl wanted to sing____ song at the party yesterday.

　　A. two B. a second C. the second

　　25. Now let him have____.

　　A. the third try B. a third try C. third try

　　26. Our school is only _______ walk from here.

 　　A. five-minute B. five minute’s C. five minutes’

　　27. There are ________ days in a week.

　　A. the seven B. seventh C.seven

 　　28.Please write down the new words in the text of ________.

 　　A. Lesson Eleven B. the Lesson Eleven C. Lesson Eleventh

　　29.----How old is your sister?

　　------________.

 　　A. She’s fifteenth B. She’s young C. She’s fifteen

 　　30. I read ______story. It is ______interesting story.

　　A. a, an B. a, a C. the, the

 　　31. Paris is __ European country and China is ___ Asian country.

　　A. an, an B. a, a C. a, an

　　32. _____elephant is bigger than ______ horse.

　　A. /, / B. an, a C. A, a

　　33. Shut _____door, please.

　　A. a B. an C. the

 　　34.He is now living in ______ European country.

　　A. a B. an C. /

 　　35. China is ______ old country with ______ long history.

　　A. an, a B. a, a C. an, the

 　　36. My parents usually go out for ______ walk in ______ evening.

　　A. the, a B. a, the C. /, the

 　　37. Her ______ first thing is to help her mother clean the room.

　　A. a B. the C. /

 　　38. The word “floor” begins with ______ “f” and the end with ______ “r”.

　　A. a, a B. an, an C. an, a

　　39. June 1st is ______ Children’s Day.

　　A. a B. the C. ./

 　　40. ______ Huanghe River is _______ second largest river in China.

　　A. The, the B. A, a C. The, a

 　　41. Paris is one of ______ most beautiful cities in ______ world.

　　A. /, the B. / ,/ C. the, the

 　　42.Yesterday Mr Smith went to ______ Great Wall at ______ noon.

　　A. the, the B. /,/ C. the, /

 　　43. We always have ______ milk for ______ breakfast.

　　A. /,/ B. the, / C. /,a

　　44.-Did you see my grandfather?

 　　-Oh, I saw ______old man sitting on a chair under the tree. Maybe he is.

　　A. a B. an C. the

　　45.-Do you see ______man with a dog?

　　-Oh, Yes, ______dog is black.

　　A. the, a, The B. a, a, C. a, the

　　46.Who is ______better, Li Ping or Wang Dong?

　　A. the B. a C. ×

　　47.We go to school five days ______ week.

　　A. a B. an C. /

　　48.-In which class is ______ boy in white?

　　-He's in Class 5.

　　A. the B. a C. an

 　　49. We often have sports after class, and I like to play _____ soccer.

　　A. a B. an C. /

 　　50.More college graduates would like to work in _______ west part of our country ______ next year.

　　A. the, the B. /, / C. the, /

　　参考答案

 　　1-5 CCABA 5-10 BCABA 11-15 CCCBB 16-20 ACABB 21-25 CABBB

 　　26-30 CCACA 31-35 CBCBA 36-40 BCCCA 41-45 CCABC 46-50 CAACC

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